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Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Jul 2014Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), a chronic and intractable orofacial pain syndrome is characterized by the presence of burning sensation of the oral mucosa in the absence... (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), a chronic and intractable orofacial pain syndrome is characterized by the presence of burning sensation of the oral mucosa in the absence of specific oral lesion. This condition affects chiefly of middle aged and elderly woman with hormonal changes or psychological disorders. In addition to burning sensation, patient with BMS also complains of oral mucosal pain, altered taste sensation, and dry mouth. This condition is probably of multifactorial origin, often idiopathic and its exact etiopathogenesis remains unclear. So far, there is no definitive cure for this condition and most of the treatment approaches, medications remains unsatisfactory. An interdisciplinary and systematic approach is required for better patient management. The purpose of this article is to present a review of epidemiology, clinical presentation, classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of BMS.
PubMed: 25210377
DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.137255 -
European Journal of Pain (London,... Jul 2019Neuropathic mechanisms are involved in burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and variation of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene contributes to experimental pain perception....
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Neuropathic mechanisms are involved in burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and variation of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene contributes to experimental pain perception. We investigated whether neurophysiologic findings differ in BMS patients compared to healthy controls, and whether 957C>T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene influences thermal sensitivity or pain experience in BMS.
METHODS
Forty-five BMS patients (43 women), mean age 62.5 years, and 32 healthy controls (30 women), mean age 64.8 years, participated. Patients estimated pain intensity, interference, suffering and sleep with Numeric Rating Scale. Blink reflex tests of the supraorbital (SON), mental (MN) and lingual (LN) nerves, and thermal quantitative sensory testing were done. The results were analysed with ANOVA. DRD2 gene 957C>T polymorphism was determined in 31 patients, and its effects on neurophysiologic and clinical variables were analysed.
RESULTS
Cool (p = 0.0090) and warm detection thresholds (p = 0.0229) of the tongue were higher in BMS patients than controls. The stimulation threshold for SON BR was higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.0056). The latencies of R2 component were longer in BMS patients than in controls (p = 0.0005) at the SON distribution. Habituation of SON BR did not differ between the groups. The heat pain thresholds were highest (p = 0.0312) in homozygous patients with 957TT, who also reported most interference (p = 0.0352) and greatest suffering (p = 0.0341). Genotype 957CC associated with sleep disturbances (p = 0.0254).
CONCLUSIONS
Burning mouth syndrome patients showed thermal hypoesthesia within LN distribution compatible with small fibre neuropathy. The DRD2 957C>T genotype influences perception and experience of BMS pain.
SIGNIFICANCE
The results confirm earlier findings of neuropathic pain in BMS. The DRD2 957 C>T genotype influences perception and experience of clinical pain in BMS.
Topics: Adult; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Female; Genotype; Humans; Hypesthesia; Male; Middle Aged; Neuralgia; Pain Measurement; Pain Perception; Pain Threshold; Receptors, Dopamine D2
PubMed: 30793423
DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1382 -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... Jul 2012Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been considered an enigmatic condition because the intensity of pain rarely corresponds to the clinical signs of the disease. Various... (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been considered an enigmatic condition because the intensity of pain rarely corresponds to the clinical signs of the disease. Various local, systemic and psychological factors are associated with BMS, but its etiology is not fully understood. Also there is no consensus on the diagnosis and classification of BMS. A substantial volume of research has been focused on BMS during the last two decades. Progress has been made but the condition remains a fascinating, yet poorly understood area, in the field of oral medicine. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in this disorder with the discovery that the pain of BMS may be neuropathic in origin and originate both centrally and peripherally. The aim of this paper is to explore the condition of BMS with the specific outcome of increasing awareness of the condition. Key words:Burning mouth syndrome, stomatodynia, oral dysesthesia, pain management.
PubMed: 24558551
DOI: 10.4317/jced.50764 -
Medicina Clinica Feb 2017Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) can be defined as burning pain or dysesthesia on the tongue and/or other sites of the oral mucosa without a causative identifiable lesion....
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) can be defined as burning pain or dysesthesia on the tongue and/or other sites of the oral mucosa without a causative identifiable lesion. The discomfort is usually of daily recurrence, with a higher incidence among people aged 50 to 60 years, affecting mostly the female sex and diminishing their quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between several pathogenic factors and burning mouth syndrome.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
736 medical records of patients diagnosed of burning mouth syndrome and 132 medical records for the control group were studied retrospectively. The study time span was from January 1990 to December 2014. The protocol included: sex, age, type of oral discomfort and location, among other factors.
RESULTS
Analysis of the association between pathogenic factors and BMS diagnosis revealed that only 3 factors showed a statistically significant association: triggers (P=.003), parafunctional habits (P=.006), and oral hygiene (P=.012). There were neither statistically significant differences in BMS incidence between sex groups (P=.408) nor association of BMS with the pathogenic factors of substance abuse (P=.915), systemic pathology (P=.685), and dietary habits (P=.904).
CONCLUSIONS
Parafunctional habits like bruxism and abnormal movements of tongue and lips can explain the BMS main symptomatology. Psychological aspects and systemic factors should be always considered. As a multifactorial disorder, the treatment of BMS should be executed in a holistic way.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27871766
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.09.046 -
Journal of Medicine and Life 2014Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic pain condition characterized by a burning sensation in the clinically healthy oral mucosa. It is difficult to... (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic pain condition characterized by a burning sensation in the clinically healthy oral mucosa. It is difficult to diagnose BMS because there is a discrepancy between the severity, extensive objective pain felt by the patient and the absence of any clinical changes of the oral mucosa. This review presents some aspects of BMS, including its clinical diagnosis, classification, differential diagnosis, general treatment, evolution and prognosis.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progression; Humans; Prognosis
PubMed: 25713611
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Palliative Care 2016Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is multifactorial in origin which is typically characterized by burning and painful sensation in an oral cavity demonstrating clinically...
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is multifactorial in origin which is typically characterized by burning and painful sensation in an oral cavity demonstrating clinically normal mucosa. Although the cause of BMS is not known, a complex association of biological and psychological factors has been identified, suggesting the existence of a multifactorial etiology. As the symptom of oral burning is seen in various pathological conditions, it is essential for a clinician to be aware of how to differentiate between symptom of oral burning and BMS. An interdisciplinary and systematic approach is required for better patient management. The purpose of this study was to provide the practitioner with an understanding of the local, systemic, and psychosocial factors which may be responsible for oral burning associated with BMS, and review of treatment modalities, therefore providing a foundation for diagnosis and treatment of BMS.
PubMed: 26962284
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1075.173942 -
International Journal of Preventive... Jan 2013Menopause is a physiological process typically occurring in the fifth decade of life. One of the most annoying oral symptoms in this age group is the burning mouth...
Menopause is a physiological process typically occurring in the fifth decade of life. One of the most annoying oral symptoms in this age group is the burning mouth syndrome (BMS), which may be defined as an intraoral burning sensation occurring in the absence of identifiable oral lesion or laboratory findings. Pain in burning mouth syndrome may be described as burning, tender, tingling, hot, scalding, and numb sensation in the oral mucosa. Multiple oral sites may be involved, but the anterior two-third part and the tip of tongue are most commonly affected site. There is no definite etiology for BMS other than the precipitating causative factors, and it is still considered idiopathic. Various treatment options like use of benzodiazepine, anti-depressants, analgesics, capsaicin, alpha lipoic acids, and cognitive behavioral therapy are found to be effective, but definite treatment is still unknown. The present article discusses some of the recent concepts of etiopathogenesis of BMS as well as the role of pharmacotherapeutic management in this disorder.
PubMed: 23411996
DOI: No ID Found -
Biomolecules Aug 2021The pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been extensively debated but is poorly understood despite a large number of hypotheses attempting to...
The pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been extensively debated but is poorly understood despite a large number of hypotheses attempting to explain its etiopathogenic mechanisms. The aim of the present work was to systematically review papers that could provide arguments in favour of the neuropathic and psychogenic components of primary BMS for a better understanding of the disease. This systematic review (SR) was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021224160). The search was limited to articles in English or French from 1990 to 01 December 2020. A total of 113 articles were considered for data extraction. We divided them into four subgroups: pharmacological and nonpharmacological management studies ( = 23); neurophysiological studies ( = 35); biohistopathological studies ( = 25); and questionnaire-based studies ( = 30). Several of these studies have shown neuropathic involvement at various levels of the neuraxis in BMS with the contribution of quantitative sensory testing (QST), functional brain imaging, and biohistopathological or pharmacologic studies. On the other hand, the role of psychological factors in BMS has also been the focus of several studies and has shown a link with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and/or depression symptoms. Depending on the patient, the neuropathic and psychogenic components may exist simultaneously, with a preponderance of one or the other, or exist individually. These two components cannot be dissociated to define BMS. Consequently, BMS may be considered nociplastic pain.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Capsaicin; Cytokines; Humans; Low-Level Light Therapy; Neuralgia; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Perception; Physical Stimulation; Sensory Thresholds; Surveys and Questionnaires; Thioctic Acid
PubMed: 34439903
DOI: 10.3390/biom11081237 -
Australian Dental Journal Jun 2009Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an oral dysaesthesia that causes chronic orofacial pain in the absence of a detectable organic cause. The aetiology of BMS is complex and... (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an oral dysaesthesia that causes chronic orofacial pain in the absence of a detectable organic cause. The aetiology of BMS is complex and multifactorial, and has been associated in the literature with menopause, trigger events and even genetic polymorphisms. Other studies have found evidence for mechanisms such as central and peripheral nervous system changes, with clinical and laboratory investigations supporting a neuropathologic cause. These physiological explanations notwithstanding, there is still much evidence that BMS aetiology has at least some psychological elements. Somatoform pain disorder has been suggested as a mechanism and factors such as personality, stress, anxiety, depression and other psychological, psychosocial and even psychiatric disorders play a demonstrable role in BMS aetiology and symptomatology. In order to treat BMS patients, both physiological and psychological factors must be managed, but patient acceptance of possible components of psychological disease basis is a major hurdle. Clinical signs of patient stress, anxiety or depression are a useful reinforcement of clinical discussions. The current paper proposes a number of clinical signs that may be useful for both clinical assessment and subsequent patient discussions by providing visible supportive evidence of the diagnosis.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Facial Pain; Humans; Somatoform Disorders; Tongue
PubMed: 19473148
DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01099.x -
Journal of Medicine and Life Sep 2014Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic pain condition characterized by a burning sensation in clinically healthy oral mucosa. Incidence BMS diagnosed in... (Review)
Review
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic pain condition characterized by a burning sensation in clinically healthy oral mucosa. Incidence BMS diagnosed in the Department of Oral Medicine - Oral Pathology Dental Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest is 16,23%. The etiology of BMS remains far less known. This article makes an overview of the latest theories about possible etiopathogenic factors involved in the occurrence of BMS.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Causality; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Incidence; Mental Disorders; Neural Pathways; Prevalence; Romania; Saliva
PubMed: 25408745
DOI: No ID Found